Air traffic control Essay Example for Free

Air traffic control EssaySituation 1 Adapted from WAFBLA Everyone Else Does It Ethics Project You have been struggling in your engineering science Models class. The content does not come easily, so you have put in countless hours to understand and do the assignments. There is an other(a) student who breezes through the assignments, acquire high marks for the fetch he turns in. You bop for a fact that he has used his college-aged cousin to do some of the assignments for him. You dont k directly how many assignments were turned in this way, but you are certain that he, in fact, did not do either the change state. Your frustration increases over the last assignment that you worked extra time on, but did poorly. Of course, this other student scored well on the same assignment. You drop the teacher an anonymous note about the implied cheating on the part of this other student. Questions 1) What do you believe are the estimable issues cogitate to this situation? Not being prep ared to turn in the assignment. Trying to use someone elses work as your own. 2) Write an argument supporting the actions steern. Be certain to tie your reply to one of the ethical frameworks dissertateed.This is the rights approach as you are telling the teacher that another student is not turning in his actual work. This will make the challenge of the assignment fair for everyone. 3) Write an argument against the actions taken. Be sure to tie your response to one of the ethical frameworks discussed. You should just let the other student do what he wants to and tell him that he wont be able to get help when he does the exam. 4) Were you in this situation, what would your response be? Why? I would also tell the teacher that he is cheating so that it would be fair for everyone who turns in their homework. Situation 2 Occidental Engineering Author Michael McFarland, S. J. Wayne Davidson is a software engineer in the aerospace division of Occidental Engineering, a large engineer ing firm. For the past two years he has been working as a test engineer for Operation Safe Skies, a view to build a prototype of the next generation air traffic control carcass. This project, which is funded by a contract from the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), is a very important one for Occidental. With all the cutbacks in defense spending, the aerospace division has been losing descent.The Safe Skies project has provided much needed business, and could lead to a much bigger contract if successful. Mindful of its strategic importance, the company had bid very aggressively for the original contract. In fact they had low-balled it, bidding less than it would take to do the work properly. They felt that was the yet way they could beat out their competitors, who were just as hungry for the work. Because of their somewhat shaky financial position, the company was not willing to take a loss on the project, so the project has been underfunded and understaffed.Nevertheless those worki ng on the project have made a heroic effort, working xviii hour days seven days a week to meet the deadline, because they know how much it means to the company, not to mention their own jobs. They are now very close to success. A version of the prototype has been completed and turned over to Wayne for testing. He has run extensive simulations on it and found that it works as it should except for one little problem when there are too many aircraft in the system, it will sometimes lose track of one or more of them.The forgotten aircraft will simply disappear from the screen, there will be no trace of it anywhere, and it will be ignored by all of the collision avoidance and other safety tests. Wayne has been working with the software designers to identify the cause of the problem, and they have traced it to a subtle error in memory tryst and reuse. They are confident that they can have-to doe with it, but it will take a month or more to do the redesign, coding and testing. Wayne mee ts with his boss, Deborah Shepherd, the project manager, to discuss the implications.She tells him that what he is asking for is impossible. The contract requires that the company deliver a fully certified, working version of the software in three days for system desegregation and test. The government has developed a new, get-tough policy on missed deadlines and cost overruns, and Occidental is afraid that if they miss this deadline, the government will make an example of them. They would be subject to fines and the loss of the remainder of the prototype contract and they might not be allowed to bid on the contract for the full system.This would have a annihilative effect on the aerospace division, resulting in thousands of lost jobs. They consider whether they can do a quick patch to the software before turning it over, but Wayne adamantly refuses to release any code that has not been tested thoroughly. There is always a chance that the patch would interact with some other part o f the computer programme to create a new bug. Then well have to deliver the software as is, Deborah says. I cant jeopardize this project or the jobs of my mess by missing that deadline. We cant do that exclaims Wayne.Thats like delivering a car with defective brakes. Dont worry, Deborah reassures him. We have contacts in the FAA, so we know their testing plans. They will do a lot of simulations to make sure the software works with the hardware and has all the functionality in the specs. Then they will do live tests, but only at a small aerodrome, with a backup system active at all times. There is no way they will overload the system in any of this. After that they will have some change requests. Even if they dont, we can give them an updated version of the program.We can slip the bug fix in there. They will never see the problem. Even if they do, we can claim it was a random occurrence that would not necessarily show up in our tests. The important thing is no one is in any dang er. Maybe they wont find the bug, but I know its there. I would be craft if I said the system passed all the necessary tests. I cant do that. Anyway, it would be illegal and unprofessional. You can certify that it is safe, because it is, the way they are button to use it. And so he does. In the end Wayne signs off on the software.It is delivered to the FAA and makes it through all the preliminary tests, including live tests at a small airport in the Midwest. As a result of these tests, the FAA requests some changes in the user interface, and when Occidental delivers the new software it includes a robust solution to the problem of the disappear aircraft. No one outside of Deborahs group ever learns of the problem. In fact Occidentals success with the prototype leads to major contracts for air traffic control software, giving much-needed business to the aerospace division.This saves hundreds of jobs, and allows the company to add hundreds more. Wayne Davidson, however, takes ear ly retirement once the prototype project is finished, in order to write a book on software testing. He feels that the book should have a chapter on ethics, but he can never bring himself to write it. Questions 1) What do you believe are the ethical issues related to this situation? Lying about a completed project when it isnt. 2) Write an argument supporting the actions taken. Be sure to tie your response to one of the ethical frameworks discussed.There was no productive way to get all of the project done, so they had to give what they had. 3) Write an argument against the actions taken. Be sure to tie your response to one of the ethical frameworks discussed. It wasnt a good choice because they didnt tell the company that the project wasnt finished and handed them an incomplete project. 4) Were you in this situation, what would your response be? Why? I would ask for more people to help so we could get the project done on the day its delinquent and assign each person a different part to do.

Make Prejudice and Discrimination a Subject in School Essay Example for Free

Make Prejudice and variety a Subject in School EssayBecause of the immigration in the world and the great assimilation that are in progress prejudices and contrariety are more important than never before. People need to learn from young ages that it doesnt matter where you come from or what color your skin is, the only thing that matters is your personality and how you respond to other people.Yesterday, in Stockholm, I was talking to my cousin and she told me that I never should live in Tensta because, according to her, its a very dangerous place because it only lives criminals there. Personally Im certain(predicate) that the absolute majority of the people in Tensta are normal, nice people that never have done anything criminal its only her prejudices that say something different.I see each day how common prejudices are, my friends have prejudices, my family has prejudices and I, that see myself as a very prejudices free person, find sometimes that even I have some prejud ices.Discrimination is unfortunately also common in our society. A while ago I read a study that professors at the Linn university in Kalmar had written and it showed that the majority of the companies in Sweden discriminated people with Arabic names. If there were two persons with exactly the same qualities and experience in the study, and one of them was named Martin Johansson and the other Abd al Hakim only the start would be called to an interview while the second would be sorted away immediately.But I think that it is easy to forget and that we have to remember that discrimination can work in every way white against black, black against white, men against women, women against men, and so on. Therefore I believe that we have to work for a society that is equal on every scale.I think that a way to solve the problem with prejudices and discrimination is to make it a main theater in school. In that way every kid in Sweden would get information about and be able to discus prejudi ces and discrimination every calendar week from the age of 6 to 16. I believe that information and knowledge are the key to everything, and in this case the key to an equal society without prejudices and discrimination.

In Your Own Words Essay Example for Free

In Your Own Words EssayIn a re seeked proposal, it addresses a particular project academic or scientific research. A research proposal contains extensive literature reviews and must offer convincing support of direct for the research being proposed. Thus, this why a proposal is written, it is a scheme from a sellers to a prospective customer. Overall the main purpose is to fulfill the requirements of a client, which I will explain how normal Motors will address throughout this proposal. Overview Section In my proposal the researched goals atomic number 18 to understand what makes habitual Motors successful. We will do this by making a stronger load to our customers (We hear you loud and clear), our employees, and partners. I will address the whole steps we will take in fulfilling our obligations below Customers In making a stronger commitment to our customers, General Motors will make much fuel-efficient vehicles by building vehicles that get 30 mpg or more. We will produ ce a pug in vehicle by the name of the Chevrolet Volt, which will show our consumers and potential consumers we are innovative.The Chevy Volt, with its core technology that will drive a higher volume for electrification of gondolamobiles and we also will be expanding our selling to China and Australia, giving our competitors something to scratch their heads about. Additionally, we want to deliver best quality vehicles and this is a major cornerstone of true commitment to our valued customers. Therefore, having a relationship with customers is essential we strive to create passionate brand of supporters, who cherish their vehicles. We want them to openly recognise other of their experience with our innovative vehicles.In addition, being innovative, we know this is something we must do We challenge us to become more innovative and that ensures we will ace in everything we do This extends to implementing the smallest improvements to execute bigger ideals. We are constantly increas ing our competitive advantage to delight and excite our customers. Employees In making a stronger commitment to our employees, we understand Safety and Quality comes first. Safety is and always be a priority here at GM. Emphasizes will be concentrated on our galosh first culture, in our facilities, and with the growth of our businesses in new markets.We will offer incentives to our employees for working safely and productively, such incentive a paid one mean solar day off, gift cards, and discounts off vehicles. We will make sure that our employees practice our new safety philosophy which is safety is at the heart of development of to each one one of our vehicles. Partners In making a stronger commitment to our partners, we understand creating lifelong partners that we want here at GM, we take nothing for granted in our efforts are to earn the confidences and loyalty of our partners.We listen to partners to ensure we meet all their needs, and are connecting with them on their ter ms. General Motors business problems Currently, the business problems General Motors is having is financial, speculated by a few business experts, who have confidence in the company being able to continue in its present form even though it filed bankruptcy in 2006 (Taylor, J, 2013). There are numerous business problems the company is facing, but I will only speak of one which is legacy costs, its the caring for General Motors retired and injured employees.The union United Auto Worker, have negotiated regularly nice wages, pensions and health care, which protect their member. The profit margin in halcyon times on automobiles could include buffers to cover the ongoing costs of payments to retirees, hence the financial problem, cant pay what they agreed. In contrast to foreign competitors and newcomers to auto industry do not have the same problems with their profits. This has forced cash trapped buyers to turn to more affordable cars. General Motors CompetitionAccording to General M otors Strategic Analysis, the key competitors GM, whos domestic, are Daimler/Chrysler, Ford Motor and who are foreign are Toyota Motor and Honda Motor (Thomas, C, n. d. ). In definition of why they are competitors Daimler Chrysler placed itself as an industry leader, since, it manufactures brands such as Dodge, Mercedes Benz, and Jeep. As for Ford Motor follow, two vital businesses are automotive and financial services. Ford has concentrated on reducing cost to raise margins further than its competitors.Thus, Honda Motor Company, it has reliable confident reputation for producing high quality products from cars to motorcycles. Toyota Motor Company has three major brands Toyota, Lexus, and Scion these let Toyota reach many sectors of the globe in a choice of vehicle for the customers. Concluding why General Motors is the leader of its competitors, it manufactures more brands than its competitors, these brands are Chevrolet, GMC, Cadillac, Buick, Pontiac, Hummer, Saab, Daewoo, Opel, and Holden. Its to no wonder why our economy rested on GM success. (Thomas, C, n. d. Population Sample In my population prototype for customer attitudes and behaviors, I will use cluster sampling in the selection of how I will gather this information needed. I know as the police detective that population that will be under scrutiny is those ethnicities that do the most purchasing, sadly but true its minorities. According to the Consumer Expenditure Survey that was conducted by the federal Bureau of Labor Statistics, minorities spend up to 30% more than that of whites who have comparable incomes (BLS. gov, 2013). Their age would range from 35-64 years old.I will you this age because consumers are spending at 63% (BLS. gov, 2013), now for determining how they will feel about company products and services. As I understand population sample is a process through a group of representative individuals are select from the population for the sole purpose of statistical analysis. I know m y population sample must be done correctly, since if errors occur, my data will be misleading or invalid. Steps in the research process In identifying the steps in the research process, my first step would be to identify and develop my research topic.I can do so by, stating what I want to research. Second step find background information on the subject, utilizing internet as resource for gathering information. Third Step usage of books and media, I will use channelise keyword searches to find material by topic or subject, and writing down in both steps 2 and 3 my sources. Fourth Step search periodical articles, this will be to find citations to articles. Fifth Step evaluate what I open, critically analyzing information sources. Sixth Step cite what I found using standard form, just giving credit where credit is due.

Polymers and its applications

Polymers and its applicationsACKNOWLEDGEMENTI take this opportunity to present my votes of convey to all those guidepost who truly acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this bear that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study. We be really grateful to our HOD for providing us with an opportunity to undertake this project in this university and providing us with all the facilities. We are juicyly thankful to Mr. Harminder Singh for his active support, valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance, devout cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in completing the assignment of preparing the said project within the time stipulated.Lastly, We are thankful to all those, particularly the various friends who pick out been instrumental in creating proper, healthy and conductive environment and including new and fresh innovative ideas for us during the project, their help, it would have been extremely difficult for us to prepare the project in a time bound framework narration-Polymers were discovered long before anyone understood what they were. It wasnt until 1920 that German chemist Hermann Staudinger (1881-1965) made his macromolecular hypothesis, suggesting that polymers are actually giant molecules formed by the permanent attachment of countless smaller molecules.INTRODUCTION-A polymer is a large MOLECULE composed of repeat structural typically connected by chemical bonds like covalent bonds. Polymers are composed of very high molecular masses formed by the combination of large number of simple molecules.GEOMETRY-Polymers (or macromolecules) are very large molecules made up of smaller units called monomers or repeating units, covalently bonded together.Monomers / Repeat UnitsThe identity of the monomer residues (repeat units) comprising a polymer is its first and most important attribute.Microstructure-The microstructure of a polymer (sometimes called configuration) relates to the physical a rrangement of monomer (which I have explained above) residues along the backbone of the chain.CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS-On the basis of structure-LINEAR POLYMERS ramify POLYMERSCROSS-LINKED POLYMERSOn the basis of molecular forces Elastomers Fibers ThermoplasticsThermosetting polymersThermoplastsThese are the polymers which butt be easily softened repeatedly when heated and hardened when cooled with little alteration in their properties. When heated due to the absence of cross links, they wrench free to move and and can be moulded into any desired shapes.EXAMPLES- Poly vinyl group Chloride (PVC) and Polystyrene and Polymethyl methacrylateThermosets-These are the polymers which undergo permanent change on heating and can not be remoulded into our desired shape. On heating their cross links get highly linked with each new(prenominal) and becomes hard and infusible.EXAMPLES-Bakelite,formaldehyde etc.PROPERTIES-Tensile strengthHigher tensile strength holds a greater weight before snapping. Tensile strength increases with polymer chain space and crosslinking of polymer chains.Melting pointThe term melting point when applied to polymers, suggests not a solid-liquid phase transition but a transition from a see-through or semi-crystalline phase to a solid amorphous phase.Boiling pointThe boiling point of a polymeric material is strongly dependent on chain length. The polymers with a large degree of polymerization do not exhibit a boiling point because they are decomposed before reaching their several(prenominal) theoretical boiling point.FUN FACT The polymer inside disposable diapers is called sodium polyacrylate. It can instantly absorb about 800 times its mass in water.APPLICATIONS OF POLYMERS-molecular(a) science has developed enormously in recent eras. Molecular science has a major role in our lives. It has become a necessity in our daily routines we shall talk now about the basic applications of polymers without which life wasnt that easy. We are going to discuss some of the main polymers apply in our lives.RUBBER-HISTORY OF RUBBER subjective rubber, obtained from the sap of the hevea tree. Rubber was named by the chemist Joseph Priestley who found that a piece of solidified latex gum was good for pass out pencil marks on paper.TWO TYPES OF RUBBER ARE THERE-NATURAL RUBBERVULCANIZED RUBBER (SYNTHETIC RUBBER)NATURAL RUBBER-Natural rubber is a polymer of isoprene (2-methyl-1, 3-butadiene), with a joined network structure.There is no cross links between the polymer chains. It is not hard and tough. It becomes sticky and soft when heated. It can be easily deformed but regains its original shape after the stress is released. It involves a addition reaction in which one double bond in isoprene open to form a new bond with next unit forming a large chain.VULCANIZED RUBBER-.A chemical reaction of siemens (or new(prenominal) vulcanizing agent) with rubber or plastic to cause cross-linking of the polymer chains it increases strength an d resiliency of the polymer chemically the process involves the formation of cross-linkages between the polymer chains of the rubbers molecules. It was invented by Charles Goodyear in 1839.The formation of cross links formed at the time of vulcanization at the reactive sites makes rubber hard, tough with greater tensile strength. It has very high elasticity, resistance to oxidation and organic solvents. The sulphur bridge in this figure prevents the slip of the chains and rubber can be stretched to a limited point and when tension is removed the chains try to coil up regain its original shape.OTHER TYPES OF RUBBER-NEOPRENE RUBBER-USES used as insulator, qualification conveyor belt belts, printer roller belts are also made from it.SBR (Styrene Butadiene Rubber)-Known as BUNA-SUSES it is used for making automobile tyres and footwears.NITRILE RUBBER- Recognized as BUNA-NUSES-it is used for making oil seals, manufacture of hoses and tank linkings.REACTIONS INVOLVING IN THERE FORMATI ONS-PLASTICS OR POLYHALO-OLEFINS-A very useful but common commodity of our life. But nowa mean solar days it has become a serious problem due to its problem of degradation which is a process which is a time consuming process. These are called polyhalo-olefins because they are derived from halogen substituted olefins.POLYVINYLCHLORIDE-(PVC)-Its monomer is unit is vinyl chloride. it is prepared by heating vinyl chloride in an inert solvent in the presence of peroxides (eg.dibenzoyl peroxides).It isa hard horny material. It is a thermoplastic polymer and its plasticity can be increased . Fig 15.0USES-It is used in manufacturing of rain coats, hand bags, curtain clothes, toysArtificial flooring.As a good insulating material in wires and other electrical goods.For making gramophone records.TEFLON-(POLYTETRAFLOUROETHYLENE)Tough material resistant to heat and chemical actions such as acids and bases. It is an addition polymer of tetraflouroethylene.It is bad conductor of heat.USESIt is use d as a material resistant to heat and chemical attack in household works.For coating articles and cookware to make them non-sticky as non stick utensilsFor making gaskets, pump packaging, valve, seals, non-lubricated bearings, etc.POLYESTERS-Fibers represent a very important application of polymeric materials, including many examples from the categories of plastics and elastomers.It involves ester linkagesTYPES OF POLYESTERS(FIBRES)-TERYLINE-It is a polymer of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid. Also known as Dacron.USES-For making cloth by mixing with cotton.For making magnetic recording tapes.NYLON66-Monomers are hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid.USES-Used for making bristles of brushes.In textiles and also for making sheets. It is blended with woollen to make socks and sweaters.NYLON 6- its monomer is caprolactum made up of cyclohexane.USES-It is used in the manufacture of tyre ,cords, fabrics, and ropes.CONCLUSION-We have tried to give a brief learning on polymers .Polyme rs are everywhere around us and we tried to show a glimpse of polymers applications which are commonly used in our lives like plastics nylon and day to day used commodities.MATERIAL AND FIGURE REFRENCES-http//www.plastiquarian.com/top.htmhttp//www.csua.berkely.edu/ranga/school/me223/nylon.gifhttp//www.openlearn.open.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=2937http//www.britanica.com/EBchecked/topic/468696/polymerhttp//www.polymertalk.com/history_of_polymers.phphttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/siliconehttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/branching_%28chemistry%29 http//www.polymertalk.com/classification_of_polymers.phphttp//docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cacheWbn5XOJDtwww.cmse.ed.ac.uk/MSE3/Topics/MSE3-polymers.pdf+intoduction+of+polymershl=engl=insig=AHIEtbQ22RNSIoIyoXUP9HtDd-nakz-whttp//www.cem.msu.edu/reusch/VirtualText/polymers.htm

Intelligent Agents Characteristics

gifted Agents CharacteristicsReport on Intelligent AgentsMethodologyThe research for this report was make using the various books from the library, Internet sites and computer magazines.IntroductionThe practises of tidy cistrons within the home and in businesses have increased dramatically over the years. Intelligent constituents ar a part of a program that carries out a task unsupervised and applies some degree of intelligence agency to the task.New and improved keen agents argon constantly being designed and produced to carry out numerous repetitive and predict competent tasks.One definition of an able agent, as described by states an intelligent agent perceives its milieu via sensors and acts rationally upon that environs with its effectors. Hence, an intelligent agent gets percepts ane at a time and maps this percept into actionsIn his book, Essentials of Management In painsation Systems, Kenneth Laudon describes an intelligent agent as being softw atomic number 18 programs that work in the background to carry out specific, repetitive and predictable tasks for an individual user business or softw be application.The design and production of an intelligent agent has to take into consideration numerous factors. This report takes a look at these considerations and factors and provides and insight into how intelligent agents argon influencing businesses and society as a whole.FindingsAgent CharacteristicsIntelligent agents have four main characteristicsAn agent is a computer softw be system whose characteristics argon situatedness, autonomy, adapitvity and sociability.Situatedness When an Agent receives some form of sensory input from its environment, it then performs some actions that change its environment in some way.AutonomyThis agent characteristic marrow that an agent is able to act without direct intervention from humans or other agents. This type of agent has almost complete control over it make actions and internal state.AdapitvityThis agent characteristic means that it is capable of reacting flexibly to changes within its environment. It is able to accept goal directed initiatives when charm and is also capable of learnedness from its own experiences, environment and interaction with others.SociabilityThis type of characteristic means that the agent is capable of interacting in a peer-to-peer manner with other agents or humans. number ConsiderationsOne of the most important aspects of intelligent agents is the design of the actual agent. The agent needs to be able to fulfil the tasks that are required from it, i.e. to achieve its goals. on that lay are four main aspects that need to be taken into consideration when designing an intelligent agent.Percepts This is the information that the agent receivesActionsThis is what the agent needs to do or croup do to achieve its objectives. closingsThis is the factor that the agent is trying to achieveEnvironmentThe final aspect is the environment in which the agent wil l be working in. The environment in which the agent performs is probably the most important aspect that needs to be considered as this affects the outcome of the percepts, actions and goals.Different Approaches to Agent buildFrom the agent characteristics and design considerations come four different approaches to intelligent agent design.Simple Reflex AgentsSimple reflexive agents are the most basic form of intelligent agent. They are simple minded, direct connections between percepts and actions.Reflex Agents with Internal StateReflex agents with internal state are similar to the Simple reflex agents except they remember the state of the environment as contained in earlier percepts.As the agents sensors do not provide a detailed account of the environment at each input, a perception of the environment is captured over a period of time that provided further information to the agent and enables it to provide better results.Goal Based AgentsFor a goal based agent, the agent must kn ow more than the current state of the environment, they must know the full requirements of the goal that they are required to perform.The goal based agent combines the information of the goal with realistic actions that will achieve that goal. This may cause the agent to take longer sequences of possible actions before deciding on the right course of action and whether the goal has been achieved.Goal Based agents also take the future into consideration.3.4 Utility Based AgentsUtility-based agents are the ultimate form of intelligent agent and are an extension of the goal-based agent.Utility agents consider degrees of utility and try to maximise their own potential. Utility functions allow the agent to identify conflicting or alternative goals and decisions.The likelihood of success and importance of the goal can also be likend and evaluated by the utility agent the agent would then execute appropriate action to ensure the best option was selected.Distinction between EnvironmentsAc cessible Vs In well-disposedThis environment is concerned with whether the agent is able to see the exact state of the environment. If the agents sensors are able to provide it with complete access to the state of the environment needed to choose an action, then the environment is accessible otherwise it is inaccessible.Deterministic Vs NondeterministicIn a deterministic environment, the use of the same actions will produce the same outcome every time the process or situation is repeated.But in a Nondeterministic environment the final outcome of the process or situation will be different every time.occasional Vs NonepisodicIn an episodic environment, subsequent episodes do not depend on the actions that occurred in previous episodes, agents in this type of environment dont need to plan ahead.Agents in Nonepisodic environments do tend to depend on previous actions that occurred in previous episodes and do tend to have to plan ahead.4.4 Static Vs DynamicA nonmoving environment is an environment that doesnt change and the time taken for an agent to process an action doesnt matter, as the environment will remain the same.A dynamic environment changes continuously and an intelligent agent has to be able to process actions quickly before the environment changes. Discrete Vs ContinuousIn a discrete environment the number of distinct percepts and actions that an agent will receive is limited to a set amount, but in a continuous environment the percepts and actions are unlimited.Intelligent agents that are in an accessible or deterministic environment do not need to deal with uncertainty.Inaccessible, Nondeterministic, Nonepisodic, Dynamic, and Continuous environments are the most challenging, as these are unpredictable environments, the other environments are more stable and less volatile.The use of Intelligent Agents in BusinessesThe use of intelligent agents has increased dramatically over the historic 5 year, though the majority of people wouldnt think twice abou t the process that they do that make their lives easier.During the1990s, A.D.Little, a commandment consultant, estimated that by the year 2000, 15 to 20 percent of all computer applications would contain intelligent agents. Though this figure has increased a substantial amount with the outgrowth of new technologies.The use of intelligent can agents can be seen in every industry sector within the UK and all over the world.The most common and astray utilize agents are found within two main areas. The first is within office type environments in which computers are used and the second is on the orbit Wide Web.In the first issue, computer software is the main reason for agents being used so widelyOperating systems use agents to add email and dial up networking account, do group management, add/remove programs and devices and monitor licences.Spreadsheet agents offer suggestions for improvement and can also tutor novice users.Software development agents assist in routine activities such as data filtering.The second and area and probably the largest is the Internet. The internet uses a variety of different types of agents to help the user find what they are looking for. They includeSearch engines improve your information retrieval on the InternetWeb mastering Agents these agents make it easy to manage a web siteWeb Agents These agents improve the users browsing experience.Monitoring Agents These agents monitor web sites or specific themes you are interested in.Shopbots These agents allow you to compare prices on Internet.Virtual Assistants these include virtual pets and desktop assistants.Intelligent agents can be seen in a wide variety of situations, the table in point 5.1 provides more examples of what agents are capable of.Though agents are making life easier, it is also reducing the amount of employees needed to do the job. An example of this would be a car-manufacturing factory. During the 1980s thousands of people were employed to make the vehicles but since the introduction of machinery that contains an intelligent agent to do the repetitive work, numerous people were made redundant and the positions in which 4 5 people did the job has been reduced to one or two men and the machine.An intelligent agent is something that perceives and acts in an environments.An ideal agent is one that always takes the action that is expected to maximise its performance.There are a variety of basic agent program designs. The designs vary in efficiency, compactness and flexibility. The appropriate design of the agent program depends on the percepts, actions, goals and environment. Some environments are more demanding than others.Reflex agents respond immediately to percepts, goal based agents act so that they can achieve their goals and utility-based agents try to maximise their own happiness.The use of intelligence agents has increased beyond the expectations of experts within the management and information technology fields. The use of intell igent agents are being seen in a wide cross section of businesses whether it be in machinery and equipment or within the software programs that they have in their computers and networks. The most widely used forms of intelligent agents are found on the Internet, they are mainly used within search engines.RecommendationsIntelligent agents are the basis of artificial intelligence there are considerable ongoing researches into the field, with many exciting possibilities.Agents are here to stay, not least because of their diversity, their wide range of applications and the broad spectrum of companies investing in them. As we move further and further into the information age, any information-based organisation which does not invest in agent technology may be committing commercialized hara-kiri. BibliographyStuart Russell and Peter Norvig 1995,Artificial intelligence A modern Approach, Prentice Hall www-cdr.Stanford.edu/nextlink/expert.html Accessed 13 October 2002Intelligent Agents on the internet fact, Fiction and Forecast, Oren Etzioni and Daniel S. Weld www.computer.org/intelligent/ex1995/x4044abs.htm Accessed sixteenth October 2002www.hermans.org/agents/index.html Accessed 16th October 2002Intelligent agents likely to cut jobs, alter offices, Kile Martzwww.bizjournals.com/kansascity/stories/1998/08/03focus5.html Accessed 16th October 2002http//www.agentland.com/http//sbm-connect.tees.ac.uk/ebuscon/Presentations%20(PPP%20%20PDF)%20Files/Chapter%2011%20Intelligent%20Systems%20in%20Business.pdf Accessed 13th October 2002Turban, McLean and Wetherbe, 1996, First Edition, instruction technology for managers Improving Quality and ProductivityLaudon K. Essentials of Management Information Systems, 2002, Fifth Edition, Prentice Hall

The Usefulness Of Swot Analysis To Organisations Business Essay

The Usefulness Of Swot Analysis To Organisations Business EssayChange is a very signifi weedt word in cable. red-hot-made transaction is defined as the most competitive and active. To survive in the unsanded-made competitive line of merchandise environment, the cheeks take on to adopt their strategies to meet the changing demands and needs of the customers. study abstract is one the most signifi targett crinkle line strategies which tendings the organizations to judge their current situation both nationally and remotely and to implement a new dodge where necessary.More over, unexampled high technology, communication system and online shopping are highly influencing the customers and thus their demands and needs are becoming volatile. They have more choices, alternative products and run to get. Also, the changing life style of human beings is excessively another important reason why the patronage organizations need to modify their strategies. To balance these chan ges, both scientific and social, the managers should plan a wonk abstract and implement a new fear strategy.However, change in caper enables an organization to compete with its rivals and win the seam position. Business organizations, particularly fashion, clothing, perfumed, mobile companies, technological instruments consider change as the most vital part of business strategy. For manufacturing companies, change is important in the sense experience that it gives variety to the existing customers and satisfies their unexposed desires.However, to bring change in business environment, the prototypal thing is to identify the need of change, which will be followed by a particular plan for these changes. Various business tools, process, technology and performance meters are theatrical roled to incorporate these changes.There is no alternative for continuous improvement in business environment. To survive in a competitive business environment, continuous improvement is mandator y to meet the business objectives.So, elevate outline is very important for business organizations to implement a new business strategy in order to cope with the modern competitive business market and to meet business objectives.Modern Business Environment VolatileChange is one of the most significant and vital elements in business market. There are lots of reasons whey business market is changing and getting affected by it. The word change has now become the part of corporate business. Change management is a modern business philosophy which is adopted almost by every renowned business organization to meet the challenges of volatile business environment. The reasons of rapid change in business can be economic instability, inflation, changing life style, extensive use of modern technology, etc. Rapid rise and death of new companies also affect business environment.What is prink Analysis?An internationally recognized and extensive used business tool, raise analysis is a powerful t echnique to assess the current situation of a business organization and to predict the future business life. It is the unproblematic level for marketers to plan and focus on key issues. However, nerd is an abbreviated term for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors, while opportunities and threats are away.History of cram analysisAlbert Humphrey rebeled the SWOT analysis technique. Team Action place was the research project that Humphrey led a Stanford University in the 1960s and 1970s from where the term was derived. He collected the data for this research from many top companies. However, SWOT analysis is an extended form of TAM, which helps to manage change in business organization. Moreover, since 1960s organizations have been using SWOT analysis as a business concept. It has been also used in management structure and corporate marketing. Indeed, with the passage of time the concepts of SWOT have been modified to sui t the needs of business setting. moment of SWOT analysisSWOT analysis is one of the most significant business tools, which aims to assess the current situation of an organization in order to develop business strategies to encounter competition. It is a key element of strategic development. It helps a company to predict its future prospects and the financial environment. Again, it helps an organization to develop its critical and particularised terminations to plan strategic objectives. It helps organizations to predict future difficulties or problems. Notably, SWOT analysis can also be used in human life. It helps individuals to get an exacting view of personality or career. In fact, SWOT analysis is a magnificent tool for appraisal both in business and individual life. away from these, there are numbers of other reasons whey an organization uses SWOT analysis. It can be used as a tool of problem solving, decision making, planning, brainstorm meetings, workshop sessions, product evaluation and also personal development planning.Discussion and Analysis SWOTA tool for auditing an organization and its environment, SWOT analysis is the primary stage of planning which helps marketers to focus on key issues of business strategies. However, SWOT stands for strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Strengths and weaknesses are internal factors. Opportunities and threats are external factors.SWOT ANALYSIS essential FACTORSStrengthsStrengths are the first elements of SWOT analysis which assesses the positive tangible and intangible attributes of an organization internally. These attributes are controllable and within the organizations. These strengths of a person or a company help to achieve the objectives. Strengths can also be defined as the elements which enable an organization to do well, comparing to the competitors. It focuses on the advantages of the organization over the business.For example, the strengths of an organization can be good quality of the products, brand image, attention of electronic media, customer loyalty, best location, strong communication, etc.WeaknessesWeaknesses include the elements which are prejudicious and stand in the way of achieving the business objectives. These are the internal factors within an organizations control that prevent to gain the desired objectives. It helps the organizations to identify the specific areas where improvements are necessary.The weaknesses of an organization, for instance, can be poor quality standards, broken reputation, past loss project, rejected by customers, old fashioned products, poor communication system, negligence of media, etc.SWOT ANALYSIS EXERNAL FACTORSOpportunitiesOpportunities are the external factors over which the organization does have control. But, these factors affect the companys profitability and business processes both directly and indirectly. These are the factors why an organization exists and develops. These factors help an organization to fore see the future possibilities and opportunities that the organization may encounter. They help the organization to plan and identify the time line to achieve the objectives. Indeed, opportunities are the objectives of organization in a broad sense.For example, the opportunities of an organization can be a new business market, extending business overseas or to other outlets, launching a new product, adding new value (such as, online marketing), moving to ball-shaped market, etc.ThreatsThreats are the external factors which cause dangers and risks for an organization to achieve the goals and objectives. As external factors, organizations do not have control over them, but are highly affected by them. These factors help an organization to have safeguard from risks and dangers. These factors also guide the organization to make on the right road.Threats of an organization, for example, can beRising popularity of the competitors in local or global market changing habits of customersPrici ng competition with competitorsArrival of new alternative product in the marketNew taxation policyDifference between external and internal factors of SWOTThe difference between external factors and internal factors of SWOT analysis is very obvious. The basic difference between the two is that internal factors are controllable, while external factors cannot be controlled by the organization. Usually, the external factors (strengths and weaknesses) of an organization are mainly based on organization itself, corporate market or customer needs and demands. The strength of an organization can be defined as the way of meeting customer needs and satisfaction, while weaknesses are the problems or shortcomings that the company faces to fulfill the market or customer demands. However, the internal factors of an organization usually affect the following factors, such as sale and profitability, product quality and brand image, product cost and customer needs, employee potentiality and the finan cial ability of management, etc.On the other hand, the external factors of an organization are the issues that affect not only organization but the total business system. The parking area issues that affect the company externally can be business segments, customer motivations and unmet needs, business strategies, overall business structures, environmental issues (such as governmental, technological, economic, cultural, demographic, etc.), etc.How to implement SWOT Analysis?Though appeared as a simple and easy business tool, SWOT analysis is very powerful and meaningful technique. To implement SWOT analysis, the first thing an organization needs to have is time and adequate information and resources. It is not possible to implement a SWOT analysis in an organization by one person, because it requires team work and efforts. The positive traits of this technique are that it is quick, flexible and comprehensive managing tool, which make the process easy to implement.However, the proces s of SWOT analysis follows a sequential order. Obviously, there are four steps to follow in this analysis. Whether analyzing a product or a service, the SWOT analysis is through with(p) in the same way.First timber Collection of informationIn this stage, an organization collects all the information regarding the first two internal factors, strengths and weaknesses. However, this information allurement can be done through a number of unalike ways. One-to-one interview or a group discussion can be carried to gather information. There will be number of different views, questions and issues that related to these elements.Second Step Listing possible Opportunities and ThreatsHere, the organization can make a list of all the opportunities that it may encounter in the future. It can make another list of all the future possible threats within the organization.Third Step Planning actionIn this stage, the plan of action will carried out to meet these opportunities and to secure the compan y from the threats. In this stage, the organization makes sure that they can honour the strengths, change or stop the weaknesses, prioritize opportunies and minimize threats.Again, there are other ways to implement SWOT analysis. The following chart shows another different technique of SWOT analysis.SWOT Analysis FrameworkEnvironmental Scan/Internal AnalysisExternal Analysis/ / StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreatsSWOT MatrixAccording to the SWOT matrix formula, there must be a balance between these elements. The formula follows the following chartSWOT / TOWS MatrixStrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesS-O strategiesW-O strategiesThreatsS-T strategiesW-T strategiesS-O strategies strengthening positive traits or opportunitiesW-O strategies stopping or conquering weaknesses to meet opportunities.S-T strategies strengthening ways to win external threatsW-T strategies having a strong plan to avoid weaknesses and threatsCASE STUDY SWOT ANALYSIS OF TESCOThere are numbers of organizations whi ch are using SWOT analysis almost every day in this modern business environment. This analysis can be carried on a small area of the organization or on overall company. TESCO is one of the major global business installations which can be analyzed by applying SWOT analysis as a whole.Strengths in TescoThe first strength of Tesco can be found in their popularity and business achievement of World Retail Award. Again, the constant increase of overall sales is another significant strength of Tesco. Likewise, Tesco has another strength in their reserve bills for business expansion and meeting economic crisis.Weaknesses in TescoThe primary weakness of Tesco can be found in their bad debt, house insurance claims and assign card arrears. Being a price leader in the market, Tesco is losing profit. Again, Tesco business and its profitability is mainly based on the UK market.Opportunities in TescoBeing the 3rd largest global trader, Tesco has strong buying power. Tesco is a global business or ganization which has number of different products and services. It is still extending to the global market and gaiting global trust. Extensive use of modern technology is enabling Tesco to meet the modern challenge of marketing. Constant increase of Tesco mobile customers can also be considered as a business opportunity.Threats in TescoEconomic inflation is one of the major business threats that Tesco had encounter in the recent past. The rising cost of food and non-food raw materials is another threat for Tesco. Changing buying habits of customers also affect Tescos business strategies and thus it requires reassessment of the current market. Competition with rivals, particularly with Wal-Mart which can takeover Tesco business position anytime is another renowned threat that Tesco is encountering nowadays.CONCLUSIONTo sum up, SWOT analysis is one of the powerful business tools which can be used in almost every business situation and also in individual affairs. It helps organization s to assess their current position and to plan their future plans. It is decision making tool that provides the framework for an organization to picture business strategy, mark its position and direct its objectives. Though very simple, SWOT analysis requires close attention and experienced application.In the modern changing business market, SWOT analysis has been proved to be a very important tool to the marketers. SWOT analysis is often said to be paralleled and alternative to the PESTEL analysis. Often, organizations use both these business tools together to plan their strategies.Once again, the SWOT analysis helps organizations to get an overall picture of the company and the starting point of strategic planning. It is the primary tool of business analysis.To conclude, experienced marketers when utilizing SWOT analysis make sure that the company is based on its strengths and opportunities, able to stop and correct its weakness, and can nurse itself from external threats. They consider the business environment extremely unpredictable and thus use this tool that may help organizations to predict their future through this process.

Humorous Wedding Speech by a Friend of the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Roa

Humorous Wedding Speech by a Friend of the coiffureGood afternoon, Ladies and Gentlemen. I would first like to thank you on the whole for coming today and helping to make Marcus and Adrians wedding such a memorable and specific occasion. Personally, I wish youd all stayed at home and made my job less nerve wracking. When I was asked to be in the wedding party I decided that I needed to know what the role entailed. I have now read several books, and all of them include a last slender checklist to guarantee a smooth wedding. So, to give you a feel for the pressure Ive been under, here are some of the things Ive had to remember from my checklist 1) See that all ex-girlfriends are kept at bay. Now then, Marcus discovered girls a lot earlier than I did, because while I was worrying about English exams, he was copying my work, leaving him free to pursue girls to his hearts content. Put it this way - hed discovered bike sheds before I even knew what bikes were. But, there is no chance o f beholding any of his exs tonight because I understand that they are all out celebrating, which has denied us some quality entertainment as a result. 2) Bring a credit card for the payments that the groom may have forgotten. So far, Marcus owes me 650 ($400) - which reminds me, this wedding nearly didnt go ahead The hotel manager was getting concerned as he hadnt received the deposit. Thankfully, Marcus assured him that he... ...reach the bride and grooms home. So, if you would like to place all of the gifts that you have brought with you, (particularly the valuable ones), in the back of the green letting van, registration S653 GFR, I will personally ensure that they receive them. I promise. So thats what my role entailed. Of course, I also have the honour of proposing a toast to the bride and groom. But, before I do that, let me first say, Marcus, youve been an excellent friend to be since I met you twelve years ago and Adrian, you look sensational today and getting to know yo u has been a real pleasure. Ladies and gentlemen, please could you now raise your glasses in a toast to the bride and groom. To Adrian and Marcus.